Analytical instrumentation is a broad term that refers to a variety of techniques and instruments used to measure and analyze physical, chemical, and biological properties of substances. These instruments provide valuable information about the composition, structure, and behavior of materials, and are used in a wide range of industries including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food and beverage, environmental monitoring, and materials science. Analytical instruments can be broadly classified into three categories: spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrochemical. Spectroscopic instruments use electromagnetic radiation to study the interaction of light with matter. Examples include UV-Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Chromatographic instruments separate mixtures of compounds based on their physical and chemical properties. Examples include gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and ion chromatography. Electrochemical instruments study the interact